Physiology w/Lab – Exam 1

04/29/2016

Like the carbohydrates, lipids have twice the hydrogen atoms as carbon and oxygen atoms in their molecular structures. False

The monomer of the carbohydrates is: monosaccharide

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Negative feedback loops produce responses in the opposite direction of the initial stimulus while positive feedback loops produce responses in the same direction of the initial stimulus. True

What is the function of a buffer? Buffers prevent large swings in pH when an acid or base is added to a solution.

The fluid mosaic model defines the plasma membrane as a structure composed of multiple components, including the phospholipid bilayer, proteins, carbohydrates, and other lipids that exist in a dynamic arrangement. True

Excess dietary proteins may become all of the following EXCEPT: glycerol

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain? oxygen

From what part of a triglyceride are ketone bodies produced? acetyl-CoA

In which process of cellular respiration is water produced? electron transport chain

Which pH represents a solution that has the highest concentration of hydroxide ions?

	pH 7
	pH 1
	pH 10
	pH 14

Water is attracted to the compartment with a lower osmotic pressure.

	True
	False

A process that requires energy to move a substance against its concentration gradient is called:

	facilitated transport.
	active transport.
	osmosis.
	passive transport.

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What process involves the donation of a phosphate group from ATP to a reactant to “pay” for a cellular process?

	synthesis
	anabolism
	phosphorylation
	oxidation

Nuclear pores connect the cytoplasm with the nucleoplasm and allow substances to move between the two areas.

	True
	False

What is transported across a membrane during osmosis?

	solutes
	salts
	water
	sugars

What is NOT a function of the peroxisome?

	oxidize toxic substances
	synthesize certain phospholipids
	break down fatty acids
	protein synthesis

Which of the following is NOT a nutrient monomer used by the body to generate ATP?

	nucleic acids
	glucose
	amino acids
	fatty acids

The transfer of an electron from sodium to chlorine is an example of:

	sound energy.
	electrical energy.
	chemical energy.
	mechanical energy.

What term best summarizes ATP hydrolysis?

	exergonic
	oxidative
	anabolic
	endergonic

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Which organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for export from the cell?

	mitochondrion
	Golgi apparatus
	cytoskeleton
	endoplasmic reticulum

Where does protein synthesis occur?

	mitochondria
	peroxisomes
	lysosomes
	ribosomes

In a solution, the solute dissolves the solvent.

	True
	False

When NAD⁺ is ________ it becomes NADH.

	reduced
	hydrolyzed
	oxidized
	catabolized

The total solute concentration of a red blood cell is about 2%. Sucrose cannot pass through a red blood cell’s plasma membrane, but water and urea can. Which of the following solutions will cause a red blood cell to shrink?

	a hypertonic sucrose solution
	a hypotonic urea solution
	a hypotonic sucrose solution
	a hypertonic urea solution

Which of the following is a function of a plasma membrane protein?

	form a lipid bilayer
	molecular transport through the membrane
	promote fluidity of the membrane
	oxygen transport

Substances that lose electrons are said to be:

	oxidized.
	synthesized.
	anabolized.
	reduced.

Through the microscope, you see cells swimming. Each cell has a long tail that moves in a whip-like manner. What type of cellular extension have you observed?

	cilium
	centriole
	flagellum
	microvillus

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Which of the following best describes the structure of the plasma membrane?

	The plasma membrane is a single-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell.
	The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell.
	The plasma membrane is composed of cristae.
	The plasma membrane is a double layer of protein enclosing the plasma.

Muscle cells require an abundant amount of ATP to function. Therefore, muscle cells have numerous:

	ribosomes.
	lysosomes.
	peroxisomes.
	mitochondria.

Which of the following is the same among isotopes of the same element?

	number of neutrons
	atomic number
	mass number
	both the number of neutrons and the mass number

The four most common elements, comprising 96% of the body’s mass, are:

	oxygen, potassium, iron, copper.
	oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon.
	carbon, sodium, phosphorus, sulfur.
	chlorine, sodium, magnesium, potassium.

The alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheet are examples of:

	primary protein structure.
	tertiary protein structure.
	secondary protein structure.
	quaternary protein structure.

The breakdown of carbohydrates into glucose in the body is classified as:

	catabolism.
	anabolism.
	homeostasis
	synthesis.

Which of the following increases the rate of a reaction?

	absence of a catalyst
	solid reactants
	cold temperatures
	increased reactant concentration

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A white blood cell engulfs a bacterium through a process called:

	primary active transport.
	facilitated diffusion.
	endocytosis.
	exocytosis.

If NADH and FADH₂ fail to be oxidized as part of the electron transport chain (ETC), what is affected?

	the formation of acetyl-CoA
	the phosphorylation and oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
	the regeneration of oxaloacetate
	the electromotive force required to drive the electron transport chain (ETC)

Ketoacidosis is a critical part of ATP synthesis when fatty acids are used for fuel.

	True
	False

In a molecule of oxygen gas, the atoms of oxygen share electrons equally with one another. This statement best describes a(n):

	polar covalent bond.
	compound.
	ionic bond.
	nonpolar covalent bond.

A fatty acid that contains two or more double covalent bonds is:

	polyunsaturated.
	monounsaturated.
	hydrogenated.
	saturated.

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